The Anatomical Basis of Cellulite Dimple Formation: An Ultrasound-Based Examination.

BACKGROUND: Cellulite is a common aesthetic condition that affects the majority of women. It is characterized by the inhomogeneous appearance of the skin overlying the gluteal and the posterior thigh region. Despite a wide array of treatment options, little has been done to evaluate the anatomical basis of cellulite formation. This study used ultrasound to visualize subcutaneous changes of cellulite to aid with treatment guidance and complication avoidance. METHODS: Cellulite dimples were examined on the bilateral thigh and buttock regions of 50 consecutive women and each dimple was scored with the Hexsel Cellulite Scoring System based on severity. Cellulite dimples were then analyzed by ultrasound to identify the presence, orientation, and origination of subcutaneous fibrous bands and the presence of associated vascular structures. RESULTS: Two hundred total sites were examined, with 173 dimples identified. Of these, 169 demonstrated the presence of fibrous bands (97.6 percent). The majority of bands demonstrated an oblique (versus perpendicular) orientation to the skin (84.4 percent), with the majority (90.2 percent) taking origin from the superficial fascia (versus the deep fascia). Overall, 11 percent of bands had an associated vascular structure. When stratified by body mass index, overweight and obese patients had a higher likelihood of having an associated blood vessel visualized (p = 0.01). Results were similar for dimples in the thigh compared to those located in the buttock region. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound appears to be a valid technique to image the subcutaneous architecture of cellulite. This technology can help guide surgeons in real time to improve outcomes and minimize complications while performing cellulite treatments.

Réplica a «Actualización en el abordaje y manejo de celulitis» / Comments on «An Update on the Treatment and Management of Cellulitis»

No disponible

Proteomic and Ultrastructural Analysis of Cellulite-New Findings on an Old Topic.

: Background: Cellulite is a condition in which the skin has a dimpled lumpy appearance. The main causes of cellulite development, studied until now, comprehends modified sensitivity to estrogens, the damage of microvasculature present among dermis and hypodermis. The differences of adipose tissue architecture between male and female might make female more susceptible to cellulite. Adipose tissue is seen to be deeply modified during cellulite development. Our study tried to understand the overall features within and surrounding cellulite to apply the best therapeutic approach. METHODS: Samples of gluteal femoral area were collected from cadavers and women who had undergone surgical treatment to remove orange peel characteristics on the skin. Samples from cadavers were employed for an accurate study of cellulite using magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla and for light microscopy. Specimens from patients were employed for the proteomic analysis, which was performed using high resolution mass spectroscopy (MS). Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) was obtained from the samples, which was studied using MS and flow cytometry. RESULTS: light and electron microscopy of the cellulite affected area showed a morphology completely different from the other usual adipose depots. In cellulite affected tissues, sweat glands associated with adipocytes were found. In particular, there were vesicles in the extracellular matrix, indicating a crosstalk between the two different components. Proteomic analysis showed that adipose tissue affected by cellulite is characterized by high degree of oxidative stress and by remodeling phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: The novel aspects of this study are the peculiar morphology of adipose tissue affected by cellulite, which could influence the surgical procedures finalized to the reduction of dimpling, based on the collagen fibers cutting. The second novel aspect is the role played by the mesenchymal stem cells isolated from stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue affected by cellulite.

Celulitis glútea de repetición en un varón joven / Recurrent Buttock Cellulitis in a Young Man

No disponible

Structural Gender Dimorphism and the Biomechanics of the Gluteal Subcutaneous Tissue: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Cellulite.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to investigate gender differences in gluteal subcutaneous architecture and biomechanics to better understand the pathophysiology underlying the mattress-like appearance of cellulite. METHODS: Ten male and 10 female body donors [mean age, 76 ± 16.47 years (range, 36 to 92 years); mean body mass index, 25.27 ± 6.24 kg/m (range, 16.69 to 40.76 kg/m)] were used to generate full-thickness longitudinal and transverse gluteal slices. In the superficial and deep fatty layers, fat lobule number, height, and width were investigated. The force needed to cause septal breakage between the dermis and superficial fascia was measured using biomechanical testing. RESULTS: Increased age was significantly related to decreased dermal thickness, independent of sex (OR, 0.997, 95 percent CI, 0.996 to 0.998; p < 0.0001). The mean number of subdermal fat lobules was significantly higher in male body donors (10.05 ± 2.3) than in female body donors (7.51 ± 2.7; p = 0.003), indicating more septal connections between the superficial fascia and dermis in men. Female sex and increased body mass index were associated with increased height of superficial fat lobules. The force needed to cause septal breakage in male body donors (38.46 ± 26.3 N) was significantly greater than in female body donors (23.26 ± 10.2 N; p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The interplay of dermal support, septal morphology, and underlying fat architecture contributes to the biomechanical properties of the subdermal junction. This is influenced by sex, age, and body mass index. Cellulite can be understood as an imbalance between containment and extrusion forces at the subdermal junction; aged women with high body mass index have the greatest risk of developing (or worsening of) cellulite.

Histoplasma panniculitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Histoplasmosis usually presents primarily as lung infection. Occasionally, mainly in immunocompromised hosts, it can spread and cause systemic manifestations. Skin lesions have been reported in 10 to 15 percent of cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, and panniculitis has been described as an unusual form of presentation in affected patients. We present the case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented cellulitis due to disseminated histoplasmosis.

Histoplasma panniculitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract: Histoplasmosis usually presents primarily as lung infection. Occasionally, mainly in immunocompromised hosts, it can spread and cause systemic manifestations. Skin lesions have been reported in 10 to 15 percent of cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, and panniculitis has been described as an unusual form of presentation in affected patients. We present the case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented cellulitis due to disseminated histoplasmosis.

Cellulite: a review of pathogenesis-directed therapy.

Cellulite is a condition that affects the majority of postpubertal women and can negatively impact quality of life. This review discusses several proposed pathophysiologies of cellulite, and examines treatment options that have been utilized, focusing on the etiologic factor targeted by the therapies. This approach aims to help clarify the pathogenesis of cellulite and provide a road map for developing effective treatment paradigms for patients.

Celulite em codornas japonesas alimentadas com extrato de orégano nas dietas e inoculadas com Escherichia coli / Cellulitis in Japanese quails fed oregano extract in the diet and inoculated with Escherichia coli

Com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização do extrato de orégano nas dietas de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) e desafiadas com cepas de Escherichia coli, sobre as características de desempenho, a incidência de celulite aviária e titulação de anticorpos específicos contra antígenos de E. coli, foram utilizadas 360 codornas japonesas, com 90 dias de idade, distribuídas em gaiolas de arame galvanizado em galpão convencional. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (extrato de orégano x desafiado ou não com E. oli), totalizando dez tratamentos com seis repetições de seis aves por gaiola. Os níveis do extrato de orégano (EO) avaliados foram: 0,00; 0,025; 0,050; 0,100 e 0,150%. Foram avaliadas características de desempenho produtivo, lesões macroscópicas da celulite após períodos pós-inoculação das cepas e amostras de soro foram colhidas para verificar a titulação de anticorpos nas aves. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo Teste T. Foi observado efeito de E. coli sobre todas as características produtivas, independentemente dos níveis de EO avaliados, onde grupos desafiados apresentaram piores resultados de desempenho. As lesões macroscópicas, características da celulite, observadas somente nas aves desafiadas com E. coli foram classificadas como grau leve e sem presença de hemorragias. Para a titulação de anticorpos específicos, houve maior quantificação para aves desafiadas com as cepas de E. coli em relação às não desafiadas. Pode-se concluir que o extrato de orégano suplementado nas rações não se mostrou eficaz frente ao desafio com E. coli em codornas na fase de postura e as aves desafiadas com E. coli apresentaram maiores respostas imunes humoral e celular, em relação às não desafiadas, caracterizadas pelo aumento na titulação de anticorpos e pela lesão macroscópica peitoral, independentemente dos níveis de extrato de orégano avaliados.(AU)

The aim was to evaluate the use of oregano extract in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) diet, challenged with Escherichia coli strains, on performance, incidence of avian cellulitis and of antibody specific antigens against E. coli. Three hundred sixty Japanese quails with 90 days of age were distributed into galvanized wire cages in a conventional shed. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial 5x2 design (oregano extract x challenged or not with E. coli), totaling ten treatments with six replicates of six birds per cage. Oregano extract levels were 0.00, 0.025, 0.050, 0.100 and 0.150%. Performance productive characteristics were evaluated, macroscopic lesions of cellulitis were measured after post-inoculation of the strains, and serum samples were collected for antibodies during experiment. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and averages compared by T test. Effect of E. coli was observed on all productive characteristics, regardless of the EO level evaluated, where challenged groups showed worse performance results. The macroscopic lesions, characteristic of cellulitis, observed only in birds of groups challenged with E. coli, were classified as mild and without bleeding. For specific antibodies, there was a higher number of birds challenged with E. coli strains in relation to unchallenged birds. It can be concluded that oregano extract supplemented in the diet was not effective against the challenge with E. coli in laying quails, and challenged birds with E. coli showed higher humoral and cellular immune response, compared with unchallenged birds, characterized by increased antibody titer and pectoral macroscopic lesion, regardless of the oregano extract levels evaluated.(AU)

Celulitis-adenitis inguinal en la sepsis neonatal tardía por estreptococo del grupo B / Inguinal cellulitis-adenitis in group B streptococcal late-onset sepsis

No disponible

RF-antibioterapia con bajas dosis de penicilina en prevención secundaria de episodios de celulitis de extremidad inferior / Antibiotic Therapy With Low Doses of Penicillin for the Secondary Prevention of Recurrent Lower Extremity Cellulitis

No disponible

Celulitis facial odontogénica / Odontogenic facial cellulitis

Fundamento: la celulitis facial odontogénica es un proceso inflamatorio agudo que se manifiesta de formas muy diferentes, con una escala variable del cuadro clínico que va desde los procesos inocuos bien delimitados, hasta los progresivos y difusos que pueden desarrollar complicaciones que lleven al paciente a un estado crítico con peligro para la vida.Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la celulitis facial odontogénica.Métodos: estudio descriptivo de serie de casos realizado en la clínica estomatológica de Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos, desde septiembre de 2010 hasta marzo de 2011, sobre 56 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se analizaron las variables: sexo, edad, dientes y regiones afectadas, causas de la celulitis, así como tratamiento indicado.Resultados: no se obsevó predilección por el sexo, los molares inferiores y la región anatómica submandibular fueron los más afectados (50 por ciento y 30, 4 por ciento respectivamente), la caries dental fue la causa principal de esta afección (51, 7 por ciento). El acceso cameral no se le realizó a la totalidad de los pacientes en la consulta de cuerpo de guardia. Por lo general la exodoncia del diente causal no se efectuó precozmente, según el grupo de antibiótico prescrito. La termoterapia con colutorios salinos y fomentos tibios fue la más indicada y el grupo de antibióticos más utilizado fue el de las penincilinas.Conclusiones: la caries dental fue la principal causa de celulitis odontogénica. Aún existen dificultades con la realización del acceso cameral(AU)

Background: odontogenic facial cellulitis is an acute inflammatory process manifested in very different ways, with a variable scale in clinical presentation ranging from harmless well defined processes, to diffuse and progressive that may develop complications leading the patient to a critical condition, even risking their lives.Objective: To characterize the behavior of odontogenic facial cellulitis.Methods: A descriptive case series study was conducted at the dental clinic of Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos, from September 2010 to March 2011. It included 56 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Variables analyzed included: sex, age, teeth and regions affected, causes of cellulite and prescribed treatment.Results: no sex predilection was observed, lower molars and submandibular anatomical region were the most affected (50 percent and 30, 4 percent respectively) being tooth decay the main cause for this condition (51, 7 percent). The opening access was not performed to all the patients in the emergency service. The causal tooth extraction was not commonly done early, according to the prescribed antibiotic group. Thermotherapy with warm fomentation and saline mouthwash was the most prescribed and the most widely used group of antibiotics was the penicillin.Conclusions: dental caries were the major cause of odontogenic cellulite. There are still difficulties with the implementation of opening access(AU)

Erisipela facial / Facial erysipelas

La erisipela es una infección aguda bacteriana que afecta a la dermis y, con menos extensión, al tejido celular subcutáneo y que característicamente implica al sistema linfático. Los pacientes presentan típicamente una placa eritematosa, caliente, dura y brillante, con unos márgenes de avance bien delimitados. La localización clásica es la cara y el agente causal el Streptococcus pyogenes, aunque está ocurriendo un cambio en la localización y etiología. El tratamiento de elección es la penicilina G, que es activa en el 80% de los casos y que se puede administrar de forma ambulatoria si el paciente no está febrilo con signos de toxemia. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 4 años con antecedentes de dermatitis atópica que presentó unc uadro de erisipela facial que respondió favorablemente al tratamiento con cloxacilina (AU)

The erysipelas is an acute bacterial infection that affects to the dermis and, with fewer extension, to the hypodermis and that characteristically extends into the cutaneous lymphatics. Patients typically have an erythematous, warm, indurated and shiny plaque that exhibits well-demarcated advancing margins. Historically, erysipelas occurred on the face and was caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, though a change happens in the location and etiology. The treatment of choice is the penicillin G, which is active in 80% of the cases. It can be administrated on an outpatient basis if the patient is not feverish or with signs of toxemia. We present a case of a 4-year-old girl with atopic dermatitis that presented a facial erysipelas that completely recovered with oral cloxacillin (AU)